Chapter 14: Standard Library

What's Included

Wyn's standard library gives you the tools to build real applications without external dependencies. It's not as large as Python's or as comprehensive as Rust's, but it covers the essentials.

This chapter is a tour of what's available. For complete API documentation, see Appendix B.

String Operations

You've seen basic string methods. Here's the full set:

Inspection

var text = "Hello, World!"

text.len()                    // 13
text.is_empty()               // false
text.contains("World")        // true
text.starts_with("Hello")     // true
text.ends_with("!")           // true

Transformation

var text = "  Hello  "

text.trim()          // "Hello"
text.trim_left()     // "Hello  "
text.trim_right()    // "  Hello"
text.upper()         // "  HELLO  "
text.lower()         // "  hello  "
text.reverse()       // "  olleH  "

Searching

Index methods return the position, or -1 if not found:

var text = "Hello, World!"

text.index_of("o")           // 4
text.last_index_of("o")      // 8
text.index_of("xyz")         // -1

Splitting and Joining

var text = "apple,banana,cherry"

var parts = text.split(",")  // ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

var joined = parts.join(" - ")  // "apple - banana - cherry"

Substring

var text = "Hello, World!"

text.substring(0, 5)    // "Hello"
text.substring(7)       // "World!"

Replacement

var text = "Hello, World!"

text.replace("World", "Wyn")     // "Hello, Wyn!"
text.replace_all("l", "L")       // "HeLLo, WorLd!"

Parsing

var num_str = "42"
var float_str = "3.14"

num_str.to_int()        // 42
float_str.to_float()    // 3.14
"abc".to_int()          // 0 (unparseable -> 0)

Unparseable strings convert to 0-validate with is_numeric() first when you need to tell "0" apart from garbage.

File I/O

File operations live in the File namespace. File::read returns the contents as a string (empty if the file is missing), so guard with File::exists:

Reading Files

fn main() -> int {
    if (not File::exists("data.txt")) {
        print("data.txt not found")
        return 1
    }
    
    var contents = File::read("data.txt")
    print("File contents:")
    print(contents)
    
    return 0
}

Writing Files

fn main() -> int {
    var data = "Hello, file!"
    var ok = File::write("output.txt", data)
    
    if (ok == 1) {
        print("File written")
    } else {
        print("Error writing file")
    }
    
    return 0
}

File::write returns 1 on success, 0 on failure.

Appending to Files

fn main() -> int {
    var ok = File::append("log.txt", "New log entry\n")
    
    if (ok == 1) {
        print("Appended")
    } else {
        print("Error appending")
    }
    
    return 0
}

File Metadata

fn main() -> int {
    if (File::exists("data.txt")) {
        print("File exists")
        
        var size = File::size("data.txt")
        print("Size: ${size}")
    }
    
    return 0
}

Directory Operations

fn main() -> int {
    // List files in directory
    var files = Dir::list(".")
    for (var i = 0; i < files.len(); i = i + 1) {
        print(files[i])
    }
    
    // Create directory
    Dir::create("new_folder")
    
    // Remove directory
    Dir::remove("old_folder")
    
    return 0
}

Networking

HTTP Client

Http.get returns the response body as a string (empty on failure):

fn main() -> int {
    var body = Http.get("https://api.example.com/data")
    
    if (body.len() > 0) {
        print("Body: " + body)
    } else {
        print("Request failed")
    }
    
    return 0
}

HTTP POST

fn main() -> int {
    var data = json_new()
    json_set_string(data, "name", "Alice")
    json_set_int(data, "age", 30)

    var body = Http.post("https://api.example.com/users", json_stringify(data))
    
    print("Created: " + body)
    
    return 0
}

HTTP Server

Http.serve(port) starts a server; Http.accept blocks until a request arrives and returns it as a method|path|headers|fd string:

fn main() -> int {
    var server = Http.serve(8080)
    print("Server running on http://localhost:8080")
    
    while (true) {
        var req = Http.accept(server)
        var path = Http.path(req)
        var fd = Http.fd(req)
        
        if (path == "/") {
            Http.respond(fd, 200, "text/plain", "Hello, World!")
        } else {
            Http.respond(fd, 404, "text/plain", "Not Found")
        }
    }
    
    return 0
}

JSON

Parsing JSON

json_parse returns a JSON document. Read fields out of it with the typed accessors json_get_string and json_get_int (indexing a parsed document with json["name"] is a type error):

fn main() -> int {
    var json_str = "{\"name\": \"Alice\", \"age\": 30}"
    var json = json_parse(json_str)
    
    print(json_get_string(json, "name"))  // Alice
    print(json_get_int(json, "age"))      // 30
    
    return 0
}

Generating JSON

Build a document with json_new and the json_set_* setters, then serialize it with json_stringify:

fn main() -> int {
    var data = json_new()
    json_set_string(data, "name", "Alice")
    json_set_string(data, "role", "admin")
    
    var json_str = json_stringify(data)
    print(json_str)  // {"name": "Alice", "role": "admin"}
    
    return 0
}

Time and Date

Current Time

fn main() -> int {
    var now = Time::now()
    print("Current timestamp: ${now}")
    
    return 0
}

Formatting Time

Time::format(timestamp) renders a timestamp as YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS in local time. For a custom layout, use DateTime::format(timestamp, fmt) with a strftime pattern:

fn main() -> int {
    var ts = 1739106000
    print(Time::format(ts))              // 2025-02-09 17:00:00
    print(DateTime::format(ts, "%Y-%m-%d"))  // 2025-02-09
    
    return 0
}

Time Arithmetic

Timestamps are seconds since the epoch-plain integers, so plain arithmetic works:

fn main() -> int {
    var now = Time::now()
    var tomorrow = now + 86400   // Add 24 hours (in seconds)
    var yesterday = now - 86400
    print(tomorrow - yesterday)  // 172800
    
    return 0
}

Sleep

fn main() -> int {
    print("Starting...")
    sleep(1000)  // Sleep for 1000ms (1 second)
    print("Done!")
    
    return 0
}

System Operations

Command-Line Arguments

fn main() -> int {
    var args = System::args()
    
    print("Program name: " + args[0])
    
    for (var i = 1; i < args.len(); i = i + 1) {
        print("Arg ${i}: ${args[i]}")
    }
    
    return 0
}

Environment Variables

Env::get returns the value, or an empty string if the variable isn't set:

fn main() -> int {
    var home = Env::get("HOME")
    if (home.len() > 0) {
        print("Home: " + home)
    } else {
        print("HOME not set")
    }
    
    Env::set("MY_VAR", "my_value")
    
    return 0
}

Process Execution

System::exec returns the command's output; System::exec_code returns its exit code:

fn main() -> int {
    var output = System::exec("ls -la")
    print("Output: " + output)
    
    var code = System::exec_code("ls -la")
    print("Exit code: ${code}")
    
    return 0
}

Exit Codes

fn main() -> int {
    var fatal = File::exists("panic.flag")
    if (fatal) {
        print("Fatal error")
        return 1  // Non-zero indicates error
    }
    
    return 0  // Success
}

Math Operations

Basic Math

fn main() -> int {
    var x = 16.0
    
    print(Math::sqrt(x))        // 4.0
    print(Math::pow(2.0, 8.0))  // 256.0
    print(abs(-42))             // 42
    print(min(5, 3))            // 3
    print(max(5, 3))            // 5
    
    return 0
}

Trigonometry

fn main() -> int {
    print(Math::sin(Math::PI / 2.0))   // 1.0
    print(Math::cos(0.0))              // 1.0
    print(Math::tan(Math::PI / 4.0))   // 1.0
    
    return 0
}

Random Numbers

fn main() -> int {
    // Random integer between 0 and 99
    var rand_int = random_int(0, 100)
    print(rand_int)
    
    // Random float between 0.0 and 1.0
    var rand_float = random_float()
    print(rand_float)
    
    return 0
}

Putting It Together: Real Examples

Log File Parser

fn count_errors(path: string) -> Result<int, string> {
    if (not File::exists(path)) {
        return Err("file not found: " + path)
    }
    
    var contents = File::read(path)
    var lines = contents.split("\n")
    var errors = 0
    
    for (var i = 0; i < lines.len(); i = i + 1) {
        if (lines[i].contains("ERROR")) {
            errors = errors + 1
        }
    }
    
    return Ok(errors)
}

fn main() -> int {
    var result = count_errors("app.log")
    
    match result {
        Ok(count) => print("Errors: ${count}"),
        Err(msg) => print("Error: " + msg)
    }
    
    return 0
}

REST API Client

json_get_int can be used anywhere. For string fields, wrap the call in a "${...}" interpolation so the result is captured as an owned string variable before you store it in a struct:

struct User {
    id: int,
    name: string,
    email: string
}

fn main() -> int {
    var body = Http.get("https://api.example.com/users/1")
    
    if (body.len() == 0) {
        print("request failed")
        return 1
    }
    
    var json = json_parse(body)
    
    var name = "${json_get_string(json, 'name')}"
    var email = "${json_get_string(json, 'email')}"
    var user = User {
        id: json_get_int(json, "id"),
        name: name,
        email: email
    }
    
    print("User: " + user.name)
    print("Email: " + user.email)
    
    return 0
}

Configuration Manager

struct Config {
    host: string,
    port: int
}

fn save_config(path: string, config: Config) -> int {
    var data = json_new()
    json_set_string(data, "host", config.host)
    json_set_int(data, "port", config.port)
    
    return File::write(path, json_stringify(data))
}

fn main() -> int {
    var path = "config.json"
    
    // Write defaults the first time the program runs.
    if (not File::exists(path)) {
        print("No config found, writing defaults")
        var defaults = Config { host: "localhost", port: 8080 }
        save_config(path, defaults)
    }
    
    var contents = File::read(path)
    var json = json_parse(contents)
    
    var host = "${json_get_string(json, 'host')}"
    var config = Config {
        host: host,
        port: json_get_int(json, "port")
    }
    
    print("Host: " + config.host)
    print("Port: ${config.port}")
    
    return 0
}

What You've Learned

Wyn's standard library covers strings, files, networking, JSON, time, and system operations. It's enough to build real applications without external dependencies.

I/O primitives signal failure with simple values-empty strings, 0/1 status codes-so guard with checks like File::exists and wrap them in your own Result-returning functions for clean error handling with match and ?.

The library is designed for simplicity. Functions do one thing well. Types are straightforward. Error messages are clear.

For complete API documentation, see Appendix B.

Data Persistence

Save and load HashMaps as JSON files:

fn main() -> int {
    // Save state
    var data = { "name": "Alice", "score": "100" }
    Data.save("state.json", data)

    // Load state (returns empty HashMap if file missing)
    var loaded = Data.load("state.json")
    println(loaded.get("name"))   // Alice
    println(loaded.get("score"))  // 100
    return 0
}

Exercises

1. File processor: Read a text file, count words, lines, and characters. Write results to another file.

2. HTTP client: Fetch data from a public API, parse the JSON, and display specific fields.

3. Log analyzer: Parse a log file, count different log levels (INFO, WARN, ERROR), and generate a summary.

4. Config manager: Create a program that loads configuration from a JSON file, with fallback to defaults if the file doesn't exist.

5. Simple web server: Create an HTTP server that serves static files from a directory.

6. Command-line tool: Build a CLI tool that accepts arguments and performs different actions based on them.

7. Data pipeline: Read CSV data, transform it, and write JSON output.

---

Next: Chapter 15: Real-World Applications